Descriptions and Examples of Four Research Methods Essay

Descriptions and Examples of Four Research Methods - Essay ExampleAn example of content analysis as a research mode is demonstrated in the work of Pfau, et al. (2005), in which they review the effect of the embedding of journalists in the military units involved in the invasion and occupation of Iraq on the tone and contentedness displayed in television news reports. Content analysis was conducted of television news reports aired on four major networks (ABC, CBS, CNN and NBC), and the results were compared based on whether the coverage for for each one report depended upon embedded or non-embedded journalists.Pfau, et al. (2005), indicated that embedded news sources displayed an overall tone that was more favorable toward the military in general and depicted military military force in a more favorable light. Embedded sources tended to use greater levels of divided frames, eliciting more positive relational cues. By contrast, unilateral or non-embedded sources tended to understa te the use of episodic framing, and tended to depict the military as a whole, as well as individuals in the military, in a less positive tone. As an aside, the field of operation also found uniform indications that the news stories of the initial invasion and early occupation were more positively reported and employed greater episodic framing than the stories about the Iraq occupation as it drew on.Shawver (2006) defines content analysis as a procedure that studies natural communications, usi... questioning, advising, informing, etc.) and in the tone and structure of the presentation. ternary systems can be applied to the same data over time, as well, allowing additional analysis and investigation.A striking example of a longitudinal study can be found in the work of DAngio et al. (2002), in the 15 year follow-up of children born horrificly premature and treated with surfactant therapy. An initial pool of 213 infants born at ages prior to 29 weeks of gestation a scupper a three y ear time span (1985-87) had shrunk to a field of 132 of which 127 were evaluated cross a three year span (1992-95), and 126 were re-evaluated in 2000. At each point, the childs physical and mental conditions were evaluated as was the amount of neurodevelopmental compromise.DAngio, et al., indicated that 21% of the 127 evaluated at primary shoal age showed symptoms of at least one severe disability, while 32% were placed in special needs classrooms and 19% showed general cognitive indices at a lower place 70. By the time of the secondary school-age follow-up evaluation 41% of the children had no physical or educational impairment, whereas 19% showed at least one severe disability. 15% of the children at both evaluation times were diagnosed with cerebral palsy. DAngio, et al., concluded that even with surfactant therapy, children born prematurely remain at high riskiness for neurodevelopmental compromise and significant percentages of these children will require special educational services. Of added note is the fact that the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes related not to the gestational age at birth, besides rather to socioeconomic status and presence of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage.Keppel, Saufley and Tokunaga (1992) define a longitudinal study as a form of research